An Interview with the Winner of the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics, John Martinis

New cadets. New era. Infinite possibilities. Catch a new episode of Star Trek: Starfleet Academy every Thursday starting Jan. 15th on Paramount+. Can quantum tunneling occur at macroscopic scales? Neil deGrasse Tyson and comedian Chuck Nice sit down with John Martinis, UCSB physicist and 2025 Nobel Prize winner in Physics, to explore superconductivity, quantum tunneling, and what this means for the future of quantum computing. What exactly is macroscopic quantum tunneling, and why did it take decades for its importance to be recognized? We’ve had electrical circuits forever, so what did Martinis discover that no one else saw? If quantum mechanics usually governs tiny particles, why does a superconducting circuit obey the same rules? And what does superconductivity really mean at a quantum level? How can a system cross an energy barrier it doesn’t have the energy to overcome? What is actually tunneling in a superconducting wire, and what does it mean to tunnel out of superconductivity? We break down Josephson Junctions, Cooper pairs, and other superconducting lingo. Does tunneling happen instantly, or does it take time? And what does that say about wavefunction collapse and our assumptions about instantaneous quantum effects? Learn what a qubit is and why macroscopic quantum effects are important for quantum computing. Why don’t quantum computers instantly break all encryption? How close are we to that reality, and what replaces today’s cryptography when it happens? Is quantum supremacy a scientific milestone, a geopolitical signal, or both? Plus, we take cosmic queries from our audience: should quantum computing be regulated like nuclear energy? Will qubits ever be stable enough for everyday use? Will quantum computers live in your pocket or on the dark side of the Moon? Can quantum computing supercharge AI, accelerate discovery, or even simulate reality itself? And finally: if we live in a simulation, would it have to be quantum all the way down? Thanks to our Patrons Fran Rew, Shawn Martin, Kyland Holmes, Samantha McCarroll-Hyne, camille wilson, Bryan, Sammi, Denis Alberti, Csharp111, stephanie woods, Mark Claassen, Joan Tarshis, Abby Powell, Zachary Koelling, JWC, Reese, Fran Ochoa, Bert Berrevoets, Barely A Float Farm, Vasant Shankarling, Michael Rodriguez, DiDTim, Ian Cochrane, Brendan, William Heissenberg Ⅲ, Carl Poole, Ryan McGee, Sean Fullard, Our Story Series, dennis van halderen, Ann Svenson, mi ti, Lawrence Cottone, 123, Patrick Avelino, Daniel Arvay, Bert ten Kate, Kristian Rahbek, Robert Wade, Raul Contreras, Thomas Pring, John, S S, SKiTz0721, Joey, Merhawi Gherezghier, Curtis Lee Zeitelhack, Linda Morris, Samantha Conte, Troy Nethery, Russ Hill, Kathy Woida, Milimber, Nathan Craver, Taylor Anderson, Deland Steedman, Emily Lennox, Daniel Lopez, ., DanPeth, Gary, Tony Springer, Kathryn Rhind, jMartin, Isabella Troy Brazoban, Kevin Hobstetter, Linda Pepper, 1701cara, Isaac H, Jonathan Morton, JP, טל אחיטוב Tal Achituv, J. Andrew Medina, Erin Wasser, Evelina Airapetova, Salim Taleb, Logan Sinnett, Catherine Omeara, Andrew Shaw, Lee Senseman, Peter Mattingly, Nick Nordberg, Sam Giffin, LOWERCASEGUY, JoricGaming, Jeffrey Botkin, Ronald Hutchison, and suzie2shoez for supporting us this week. Timestamps: 00:00 - Introduction: John Martinis 03:28 - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics 8:30 - Quantum Tunneling in an Electric Circuit 16:45 - Is Tunnelling Instant? 24:02 - Josephson Junctions & Cooper Pairs 27:35 - What is a Qubit? 35:30 - Regulating Quantum Computing 37:53 - The Hardware of Quantum Computers 41:48 - Will We Have Quantum Computing Terminals? 43:06 - Combining Quantum Computing and AI 47:24 - Will Quantum Computing Be Comercially Viable? 49:36 - Are Limits to How Many Qubits? 55:11 - Do We Live in a Simulation? Check out our second channel, @StarTalkPlus Get the NEW StarTalk book, 'To Infinity and Beyond: A Journey of Cosmic Discovery' on Amazon: https://amzn.to/3PL0NFn Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/startalkradio FOLLOW or SUBSCRIBE to StarTalk: Twitter: http://twitter.com/startalkradio Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/StarTalk Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/startalk About StarTalk: Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up! #StarTalk #NeildeGrasseTyson