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Surprise MicroRNA Discovery Leads To 2024 Nobel Prize in Medicine

2024-10-19 Science & Technology
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Anton Petrov
Anton Petrov
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Get a Wonderful Person Tee: https://teespring.com/stores/whatdamath More cool designs are on Amazon: https://amzn.to/3QFIrFX Alternatively, PayPal donations can be sent here: http://paypal.me/whatdamath Hello and welcome! My name is Anton and in this video, we will talk about the 2024 nobel prize in medicine and microrna Links: Lee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V. The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell. 1993;75(5):843-854. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90529-y Wightman B, Ha I, Ruvkun G. Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. elegans. Cell. 1993;75(5):855-862. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90530-4 Pasquinelli AE, Reinhart BJ, Slack F, Martindale MQ, Kurodak MI, Maller B, Hayward DC, Ball EE, Degnan B, Müller P, Spring J, Srinvasan A, Fishman M, Finnerty J, Corbo J, Levine M, Leahy P, Davidson E, Ruvkun G. Conservation of the sequence and temporal expression of let-7 heterochronic regulatory RNA. Nature. 2000;408(6808):86-89. doi:10.1038/35040556 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7817116/ Previous video about viruses: https://youtu.be/ZviQJhokT0s 0:00 2024 Nobel prize in medicine - microrna 0:55 How this started with worms 2:15 How this works in a nutshell in case you forgot 3:18 Discovery of a bizarre mutation: lin4 and lin14 5:05 Nobody cared though 5:30 Until everyone suddenly did 6:45 microRNA discoveries 9:00 Additional unexpected discoveries #microrna #biology #nobelprize Support this channel on Patreon to help me make this a full time job: https://www.patreon.com/whatdamath Bitcoin/Ethereum to spare? Donate them here to help this channel grow! bc1qnkl3nk0zt7w0xzrgur9pnkcduj7a3xxllcn7d4 or ETH: 0x60f088B10b03115405d313f964BeA93eF0Bd3DbF Space Engine is available for free here: http://spaceengine.org Enjoy and please subscribe. Twitter: https://twitter.com/WhatDaMath Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/whatdamath Twitch: http://www.twitch.tv/whatdamath The hardware used to record these videos: New Camera: https://amzn.to/34DUUlv CPU: https://amzn.to/2LZFQCJ Video Card: https://amzn.to/2M1W26C Motherboard: https://amzn.to/2JYGiQQ RAM: https://amzn.to/2Mwy2t4 PSU: https://amzn.to/2LZcrIH Case: https://amzn.to/2MwJZz4 Microphone: https://amzn.to/2t5jTv0 Mixer: https://amzn.to/2JOL0oF Recording and Editing: https://amzn.to/2LX6uvU Some of the above are affiliate links, meaning I would get a (very small) percentage of the price paid. Thank you to all Patreon supporters of this channel Special thanks also goes to all the wonderful supporters of the channel through YouTube Memberships Credit: The Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine. Ill. Mattias Karlén Kelvinsong CC BY 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA#/media/File:MiRNA.svg Bob Goldstein http://labs.bio.unc.edu/Goldstein/movies.html CC BY-SA 3.0 https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/messenger-rna Bensaccount CC BY 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome#/media/File:Protein_translation.gif Licenses used: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/

Top Comments (10)

@Lewis94YouTube 2024-10-19

This channel never posts a boring video!! So interesting, thankyou, sir!

63
@Alondro77 2024-10-19

I must puff myself up here, for I predicted these mini-genes all the way back in 2001. I suspected that there had to be small RNAs that acted as regulators when I was studying developmental biology and genetics. The fact that cells had to turn genes on and off RAPIDLY during development in cells that were adjacent to each other never made sense to me with only classical genetics. The pathways would take far too long, and there was a high probability of intracellular signal transduction spillover with protein-based pathways. The RNAs for some of the genes in development were too stable to degrade by themselves in the time frame required, and RNA tagging for RNase activity wasn't an option either. So, it only made sense to me that something small must exist that can be created rapidly and bind to the specific RNAs and shut them down swiftly when required for various rapid changes, or to help determine cell fate differences in cells sitting side-by-side. Tiny RNAs fit the bill, and the so-called 'junk' DNA was already known to possess thousands of 'pseudogenes', which were all thought to be non-functional partial duplications of fragments of genes. But to me, the fact that so many were being found to possess promoter regions of the proper functional sequences told me that these tiny genes MUST be functional, otherwise random chance would have resulted in the promoters being mutated into non-functionality. In genetics, when a sequence is preserved to a very high fidelity, even if you don't know what it's doing, IT'S DOING SOMETHING, and you need to study it more until you find out what! So yeah, when miRNAs were confirmed, I was quite pleased to know my hypothesis was correct! What I didn't think of were that the Long Non-Coding RNAs are ALSO turning out to be extremely important regulators in human brain development!

38 10 replies
@TsuchiuraBob 2024-10-20

You are correct that we have not found microRNAs in prokaryotes, BUT we have found genes for the Dicer/RISC machinery on which they rely in some archaea species related to the ones we think gave rise to all eukaryotic cell. The reasonable speculation is that this machinery played a role in protecting these prokaryotes from viruses. From there it is only a small leap for multicellular organisms to harness this machinery in cell differentiation.

18 1 replies
@rickw252 2024-10-20

I did a class research project with mRNA and C elegans a few months ago comparing amyloid plaque expression in control and gene silenced worms, cool to see you mentioning them!

14 3 replies
@stevenkarnisky411 2024-10-20

Getting closer to finding out how cells differentiate. Exhilarating and scary! Thank you, ANTON!

13 1 replies
@jimcurtis9052 2024-10-19

Wonderful as always Anton. Thank you. 🫡🙂

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@Snoopyzell 2024-10-19

Really interesting. Thank you 😊

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@jc6218 2024-10-19

So when a cell needs to send communicate (inter or intra) it can use ion gradients, micro RNA, messenger RNA, and full proteins. Cool.

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@369frequencyandvibration 2024-10-20

😂 so how's that RNA Spike Experiment Coming along ?

3
@megamushroom 2024-10-21

6:20 ok haha that was pretty funny 🌈 ❤

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