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The Most Undeniable Psi-Phenomena in 1 Paper | Etzel Cardeña

2026-05-08 Education
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Essentia Foundation
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In 2018, Professor Etzel Cardeña, PhD, who holds the Thorsen Chair in Psychology, including parapsychology and hypnosis, at Lund University, published a landmark review paper surveying thousands of psi studies in "American Psychologist," one of psychology’s most respected journals. In this conversation with Hans Busstra, Cardeña explains his main findings and why a dismissal of psi without looking at the data is “as unscientific as you can get.” Cardeña’s conclusion is that the cumulative evidence for psi phenomena is so strong that outright dismissal is no longer scientifically justified. Although the effect sizes reported in many psi experiments are small—for instance, in controlled laboratory settings, participants in precognition studies predict randomly selected images only slightly above chance—the statistical significance across large bodies of research is nonetheless striking. In other words, if one applies the same standards of scientific rigor used elsewhere in psychology, it’s scientifically unjustifiable to dismiss psi phenomena simply because they challenge prevailing materialist assumptions or because their effects are small. Etzel Cardeña’s university webpage: https://portal.research.lu.se/en/persons/etzel-carde%C3%B1a/ A selection from Cardeña's work: "The experimental evidence for parapsychological phenomena: A review. American Psychologist", 73(5), 663–677. Cardeña, E. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000236 “A Consensus Taxonomy of Altered (Nonordinary) States of Consciousness: Bringing Order to Disarray” (2025) by Etzel Cardeña and collaborators, https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2026-28269-001.html "Parapsychology: A Handbook for the 21st Century.", Cardeña, E., Palmer, J., & Marcusson-Clavertz, D. (Eds.) (2015). https://www.amazon.com/Parapsychology-Handbook-Century-Etzel-Carde%C3%B1a/dp/0786479167 Chapter marks: 0:00 Introduction 2:22 Unpacking the 2018 review paper: “The experimental evidence for parapsychological phenomena: A review” 5:33 The difficulty with macro-psychokinesis 7:11 The small but significant effect sizes of micro-psychokinesis 8:16 Why aren't all people with precognition billionaires? 9:13 Can you influence dice? 10:55 Why are the effect sizes so small? 12:20 Extrasensory perception and survival 14:28 Instead of problematizing altered states of consciousness, we should problematize normal waking consciousness 18:28 On the importance of a taxonomy of states of consciousness 22:30 How to define the hypnotic state? 25:58 On the ineffability of altered states 27:32 Etzel's view on the compatibility between psi and physics 31:02 The divide between people who have and haven't had experiences of altered states of consciousness 33:04 On the Ganzfeld effect 40:30 What could be the mechanism behind the Ganzfeld results? 44:11 Metaphysics and the future of parapsychology 48:53 What is the quality of skeptical critique? 50:56 What about the "file drawer effect"? 51:59 On Jim Carrey’s impersonation of Andy Kaufman 57:38 Does your work in psi lead to a greater sense of meaning in life? © 2026 Essentia Foundation. All rights on interview content reserved.

Top Comments (10)

@jenmdawg 2026-05-08

I stumbled into a talk with Bernardo two years ago. I’d been a long time materialist- rationalist but I struggled with two paranormal direct experiences- not allowing myself to consider them as real but a “trick of the mind” - when they were in daylight while wide awake. Something BK said caught me square in my dental: along the lines of: “anyone clinging to materialist worldview is not being intellectually honest or logical”. So I looked deeper at “the hard problem” and realized it’s flimsy AF and yet I’d hung my hat in it. My ontological shock came after reasoning it all out and now I actually see my old view along the lines of flat earth. It’s a much better life.

143 28 replies
@mdlahey3874 2026-05-08

The kind of childish and unscientific resistance encountered by Prof. Cardeña is exactly what was encountered by Robert Jahn and Brenda Dunne at Princeton University in response to their excellent work as explained in "Margins of Reality" (1987). If trained scientists are going to respond in this fashion, what can we expect from ordinary citizens?

50 12 replies
@themissingpagespodcast 2026-05-08

I have been researching psychedelics in ceremonial settings and with meditation protocols. The word they should be looking into and I didn’t hear so far in listening to the podcast is Channeling. I never believed it till I experienced it first hand. I do not pay too much attention to it but I experienced it in many bizarre ways during Ayahuasca etc. This is also why sacred jungle medicines are sometimes too potent for urban people that have narrowed their perceptions to fit in modern societies.

32 13 replies
@IskalkaQuest2010 2026-05-10

This comment is a personal one: I can't believe I am seeing Etzel Cardeña, PhD! In 1993, he was on my dissertation committee at California Institute of Integral Studies, where he had been a professor during most of my time at that institute. At the time of my orals, he was a professor at Trinity College in Connecticut. I do want to mention, that Dr. Cardeña expressed to me that he would rather that I do a phenomenological study on Empathy and Therapist Clinical Orientation - I did a statistical study because of the time involved for me and my personal situation. I want to say that I always much respected Dr. Cardeña, when he was at CIIS. If I had been totally free with my decisions at that time, I would have wanted to study phenomenological analysis with him. If he happens to read this, I am not sure if he would remember me, Patricia J Walsh. However, I do remember him. I wish him and you also, Hans, blessings and all the best in your work.

23
@bermeriz 2026-05-10

This is a great interview. It is in line with Dean Radin (Institute of Noetic Sciences) and his latest book, The Science of Magic, but more reserved and sober than Radin, in describing the phenomenology. It was refreshing to see.

12 1 replies
@verushkabjerre3844 2026-05-08

Thank you for having him on and for the conversation. Much needed

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@MattGray_Chelsoph 2026-05-10

Essentia's fantastic service continues to deliver, thank you so much everyone. Rupert Sheldrake also has tonnes of statistically significant findings to support psi abilities. Again - many just refuse to even look at the data.

9
@0Metatron 2026-05-10

Just having the balls to study the things he does alone makes him and absolute G

7
@kimwelch4652 2026-05-10

This has already been done. In 1940, J.B. Rhine and his research team published "Extra-Sensory Perception after Sixty Years : A Critical Appraisal of the Research in Extra-Sensory Perception" and hosted a meeting with the heads of major psychology departments in the US. The report presented incontrovertible evidence for psi-phenomena and the meeting participants all agreed. In fact, to Rhine’s astonishment, the report promptly joined classic texts as required reading for introductory psychology class at Harvard. Then almost a year later the report was denounced as pseudo science and ESP-60 disappeared from Harvard’s assigned reading lists. All references were removed and papers on it were denied at conferences. It doesn't matter how much evidence you present. The opposition to the very idea of psi-phenomena is religious and not based on any evidence so any attempt to bring the subject up is met with aggressive denial and censorship. Generally the whole idea terrifies a certain set of the academic world much like a certain segment of the US military believes that UAP phenomena are literal demons from hell.

3
@Samuraidbn 2026-05-11

This has quickly grown to be one of my favourite channels. I find the intellectual discussions really help wind me down and relax after a long day. The interviewer is great

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